Mango Fruit
Complete Exam Notes
General Overview
| Particular | Information |
|---|---|
| Common Name | Mango (“King of Fruits”) |
| Scientific Name | Mangifera indica L. |
| Family | Anacardiaceae |
| Chromosome No. | 2n = 40 |
| Fruit Type | Drupe |
| Edible Portion | Mesocarp |
| Pollination | Mainly Cross-pollinated (entomophilous) |
| Inflorescence | Panicle |
| Propagation | Vegetative (Veneer Grafting) |
| Type of Fruit | Climacteric |
| Nutritional Value | Rich in Vitamin A, Vitamin C, fibre & antioxidants |
Origin & Distribution
| Centre of Origin | Indo-Burma Region |
| Primary Centre | East India, Southeast Asia |
| Secondary Centre | North Myanmar & adjoining areas |
| Top Global Producer | India (40–45% global production) |
| Top Producing States (IN) | Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana |
Climate & Soil Requirements
Climatic Parameters
| Climate Type | Tropical and Subtropical |
| Opt. Temp. Range | 24–30°C |
| Rainfall | 75–250 cm |
| Relative Humidity | 50–80% |
| Key Constraints | Frost is highly injurious; rain at bloom drops fruits |
Soil Specifications
| Ideal Soil | Deep Loam, Well-drained Alluvial, Sandy Loam |
| Soil pH Range | 5.5–7.5 |
| Minimum Depth | More than 2 meters |
| Unsuitable Soils | Waterlogged, Saline, Heavy Clay, Alkaline |
Planting Systems & Spacing
| System | Spacing | Plants / ha |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional / Square | 10 × 10 m | 100 |
| Medium Density | 8 × 8 m | 156 |
| High Density (HDP) | 5 × 5 m | 400 |
| Ultra High Density | 3 × 2 m | ~1666 |
Propagation & Establishment
Planting Material
| Commercial Method | Veneer Grafting (Most popular) |
| Graft Criteria | 8–12 months old, Height: 60–100 cm |
| Pit Dimensions | 1 × 1 × 1 m |
| Pit Mixture | Topsoil + 20–25 kg FYM + SSP + Neem cake |
Polyembryonic Rootstocks
Polyembryonic seeds produce uniform, true-to-type rootstocks:
| • Olour | • Bappakai | • Vellaikolamban |
Irrigation & Nutrition
Irrigation Schedule
| Growth Stage | Frequency / Standard |
|---|---|
| Newly Planted | Every 5–7 days (summer) |
| Young Plants | Every 7–10 days |
| Bearing Trees | Every 15–20 days |
| Best Method | Drip Irrigation (Saves 40–60% water) |
⚠️ Critical Stage Rule
Avoid heavy irrigation during flowering, as it reduces fruit set and increases disease incidence.
Micronutrient Deficiencies
| Element | Deficiency Symptom | Foliar Management |
|---|---|---|
| Zinc (Zn) | Little leaf, rosetting, short internodes | 0.5% ZnSO₄ + 0.25% Lime |
| Boron (B) | Fruit cracking, internal browning | 0.1–0.2% Borax |
| Iron (Fe) | Interveinal chlorosis (young leaves) | 0.5% Ferrous sulphate |
Pests & Diseases
Major Diseases
| Disease | Causal Organism | Key Symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| Anthracnose | Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | Black spots on leaves, sunken fruit lesions |
| Powdery Mildew | Oidium mangiferae | White powdery coating on flowers/leaves |
| Die-back | Lasiodiplodia theobromae | Drying of twigs from top downward |
| Bacterial Canker | Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae | Water-soaked lesions, fruit cracking |
Major Pests
| Pest Name | Scientific Name | Management |
|---|---|---|
| Mango Hopper | Idioscopus spp. | Imidacloprid spray; controls sooty mould |
| Fruit Fly | Bactrocera dorsalis | Methyl eugenol traps |
| Mealy Bug | Drosicha mangiferae | Alkathene trunk banding, summer ploughing |
| Stem Borer | Batocera rufomaculata | Inject insecticide into holes and seal |
Physiological Disorders
| Disorder | Causative Factor | Remedial Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Alternate Bearing | Hormonal imbalance / yield cycle | Apply Paclobutrazol |
| Black Tip | Brick kiln fumes (SO₂, CO) | 1% Borax spray |
| Spongy Tissue | Internal breakdown (Common: Alphonso) | Harvest at proper maturity stage |
| Malformation | Fusarium mangiferae & hormones | Prune panicles, spray NAA (200 ppm) |
| Fruit Drop | Moisture/Hormonal stress | Foliar spray NAA (20 ppm) |
Important Varieties & Hybrids
Popular Varieties
| Dashehari | Premier table variety (Uttar Pradesh) |
| Langra | Green skin even when mature, strong flavor |
| Alphonso (Hapus) | King of mangoes, premium export variety |
| Totapuri | Beak-shaped fruits; processing variety |
| Neelum | Regular bearer, ideal late-season variety |
Important Hybrids & Parentage
| Hybrid | Parentage Formula |
|---|---|
| Amrapali | Dashehari × Neelum |
| Mallika | Neelum × Dashehari |
| Ratna | Neelum × Alphonso |
| Sindhu | Ratna × Alphonso (Seedless trait) |
| Arka Puneet | Alphonso × Banganapalli |
Harvesting & Post-Harvest
| Grafted Bearing Age | 3–5 years |
| Seedling Bearing Age | 7–10 years |
| Cold Storage Temp. | 12–13°C (RH: 85–90%) |
| Ambient Shelf Life | 4–7 days |
| Safe Ripening Agent | Ethylene gas (100 ppm) |
| Prohibited Agent | Calcium Carbide |
Authentic Previous Year Questions
Q: Scientific name and family of mango?
Ans: Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae)
Q: Common commercial propagation method in mango?
Ans: Veneer Grafting
Q: What is the cross parentage of Amrapali?
Ans: Dashehari × Neelum
Q: Causal organism of Anthracnose disease in mango?
Ans: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Q: Plant growth regulator used to handle Alternate Bearing?
Ans: Paclobutrazol
Q: Black tip disorder is primarily associated with?
Ans: Brick kiln gases (SO₂ / CO emissions)
Q: Recommended cold storage temperature range for mangoes?
Ans: 12–13°C
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