Gram Crop Quiz – 20 Questions
Gram Crop Complete Notes 2026 for Agriculture Exams
चना (Gram/Chickpea) फसल सम्पूर्ण नोट्स 2026 – कृषि परीक्षाओं के लिए
Gram Crop Notes 2026 Introduction
Gram Crop Notes 2026 Climate and Soil
Gram Crop Notes 2026 Important Varieties
Gram Crop Notes 2026 Irrigation Management
Gram Crop Notes 2026 Fertilizer Management
Gram Crop Notes 2026 Diseases and Pest Management
Gram Crop Notes 2026 Research Institutes
Gram Crop Notes 2026 Important One Liner Questions
Introduction of Gram
चना का परिचय
Gram or chickpea is one of the most important pulse crops of India. It is widely cultivated for its protein-rich seeds and plays an important role in improving soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation.
चना भारत की प्रमुख दलहनी फसलों में से एक है। यह प्रोटीन से भरपूर फसल है तथा जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण द्वारा मिट्टी की उर्वरता बढ़ाने में सहायक होती है।
Scientific Classification
वैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण
| Particular | Details |
|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Cicer arietinum |
| Family | Fabaceae / Leguminosae |
| Chromosome Number | 2n = 16 |
| Origin | South-West Asia |
Importance of Gram
चने का महत्व
- Important pulse crop
- Rich source of protein
- Improves soil fertility
- Used as dal, besan, and fodder
- Suitable for dryland farming
- Important in crop rotation systems
चना प्रोटीन का अच्छा स्रोत है और मिट्टी में नाइट्रोजन की मात्रा बढ़ाता है।
Major Gram Producing Countries
प्रमुख चना उत्पादक देश
Top Producing Countries:
- India
- Australia
- Turkey
- Pakistan
- Myanmar
Largest Gram Producing State in India:
- Madhya Pradesh
Major Producing States:
- Madhya Pradesh
- Rajasthan
- Maharashtra
- Uttar Pradesh
- Karnataka
Climate Requirement
जलवायु
Gram is a cool season crop.
चना शीत ऋतु की फसल है।
| Stage | Temperature |
|---|---|
| Germination | 20–25°C |
| Growth | 15–20°C |
| Flowering | 20–25°C |
Rainfall Requirement:
- 60–90 cm rainfall is ideal.
Harmful Condition:
- Excess humidity increases disease incidence.
Soil Requirement
मिट्टी
Gram grows best in well-drained fertile soils.
Suitable Soils:
- Clay loam soil
- Sandy loam soil
- Black cotton soil
Soil pH:
- 6.0–8.0
Special Feature:
- Waterlogging is harmful.
Important Research Institutes
महत्वपूर्ण अनुसंधान संस्थान
1. IIPR
Full Form:
Indian Institute of Pulses Research
Location:
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Importance:
Major pulse crop research institute in India.
2. ICRISAT
Full Form:
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
Location:
Hyderabad, India
Importance:
Research on pulses and dryland agriculture.
3. ICAR
Full Form:
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Role:
Coordinates pulse crop research programs.
Seasons and Sowing Time
बुवाई का समय
| Operation | Time |
|---|---|
| Sowing | October–November |
| Harvesting | February–March |
Seed and Sowing
बीज एवं बुवाई
Seed Rate:
| Type | Seed Rate |
|---|---|
| Desi gram | 60–80 kg/ha |
| Kabuli gram | 100–120 kg/ha |
Sowing Methods:
- Line sowing
- Seed drill method
Row Spacing:
- 30–45 cm
Seed Treatment
बीज उपचार
Chemicals:
- Carbendazim
- Thiram
Biofertilizer:
- Rhizobium culture
Benefits:
- Better germination
- Nitrogen fixation
- Disease protection
Fertilizer Management
उर्वरक प्रबंधन
Gram requires less nitrogen because of nitrogen fixation.
चना स्वयं नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण करता है।
Recommended NPK:
- 20:40:20 kg/ha
Important Nutrient:
- Phosphorus
Micronutrient:
- Sulphur deficiency common
Irrigation Management
सिंचाई प्रबंधन
Gram generally grown as rainfed crop.
Critical Stages:
- Flowering
- Pod formation
Number of Irrigations:
- 1–2 irrigations sufficient
Weed Management
खरपतवार नियंत्रण
Major Weeds:
- Chenopodium album
- Cyperus rotundus
- Phalaris minor
Herbicides:
- Pendimethalin
- Quizalofop
Important Gram Varieties
चने की प्रमुख किस्में
| Variety | Feature |
|---|---|
| JG-11 | High yielding |
| Pusa-372 | Wilt resistant |
| ICCV-2 | Early maturity |
| GNG-1581 | Rajasthan suitable |
Biological Nitrogen Fixation
जैविक नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण
Rhizobium bacteria form nodules on roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen.
राइजोबियम जीवाणु जड़ों में गांठें बनाकर नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण करते हैं।
Diseases of Gram
चने के प्रमुख रोग
1. Wilt Disease
Pathogen:
- Fusarium oxysporum
Symptoms:
- Sudden drying of plants
Control:
- Resistant varieties
- Seed treatment
2. Ascochyta Blight
Symptoms:
- Brown spots on leaves and stem
3. Rust Disease
Symptoms:
- Rust colored pustules on leaves
Insect Pests of Gram
चने के प्रमुख कीट
1. Gram Pod Borer
Scientific Name:
- Helicoverpa armigera
Damage:
- Feeds on flowers and pods
2. Aphids
Damage:
- Suck plant sap
Harvesting
कटाई
Harvesting Stage:
- Pods become dry and brown
Moisture Content:
- 10–12%
Yield of Gram
चने की उपज
| Type | Yield |
|---|---|
| Traditional | 10–15 q/ha |
| Improved Varieties | 20–30 q/ha |
Uses of Gram
चने के उपयोग
- Dal preparation
- Besan production
- Animal feed
- Green fodder
- Soil fertility improvement
Cropping Systems
फसल प्रणाली
- Gram-Wheat
- Gram-Mustard
- Rice-Gram
- Cotton-Gram
Nutritional Value
पोषण मूल्य
Gram contains:
- Protein
- Carbohydrates
- Minerals
- Vitamins
- Fiber
Protein Content:
- Approximately 20–22%
Modern Technologies in Gram Cultivation
चना उत्पादन की आधुनिक तकनीकें
Technologies:
- Precision farming
- Zero tillage
- Seed priming
- Climate smart agriculture
- Integrated pest management (IPM)
Important One Liner Questions
महत्वपूर्ण वन लाइनर प्रश्न
- Scientific name of gram – Cicer arietinum
- Family of gram – Fabaceae
- Largest gram producer state – Madhya Pradesh
- IIPR located at Kanpur
- ICRISAT located at Hyderabad
- Gram pod borer – Helicoverpa armigera
- Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum
- Gram is rich in protein
- Rhizobium helps in nitrogen fixation
- Gram is mainly Rabi crop
Conclusion
निष्कर्ष
Gram is one of the most important pulse crops for nutritional security and soil fertility improvement. Scientific cultivation practices, improved varieties, proper nutrient management, and integrated pest management are essential for obtaining higher gram production.
चना पोषण सुरक्षा एवं मिट्टी की उर्वरता बढ़ाने वाली महत्वपूर्ण दलहनी फसल है। वैज्ञानिक खेती एवं उचित प्रबंधन द्वारा इसकी उत्पादकता बढ़ाई जा सकती है।
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